Digital imaging notes

• Photoshop (.psd) - Can only open in photoshop.
• Gif - Compresses the file so its smaller, really bad quality.
• PNG (.png) - compresses so its smaller, Ok quality.
• JPEG (.jpg) - Compresses, Standard.
• EPS (.eps) - Saves small then open it and make it large and it wont loose quality.
• Adobe illustrator (.ai) - Can only be opened in adobe.

           Scalable
           Vector        (.svg)
           Graphic

This is a example of a Gif.

Vector and rasta graphics

Pictures are made of small pixels with colour

Stop-motion animation

Persistence of vision

Persistence of vision is a optical illusion that has multiple images that when moved, tricks your brain into thinking its moving picture

Understanding the creative media sector

Understanding structure and ownership in the creative media sector

The creative media sector includes a wide range of industries that are growing more and more each day, each of these industries is employing a large number of people to do a variety of job roles. All these industries have one thing in common and that is that they use words, sounds and images to communicate with the audience, and they all employ staff that are creative with good ideas.

The main industries are; Film, Television, Radio, Publishing, Advertising and Marketing, Animation, Interactive Media, games and Photo Imaging.

Film

Film companies have certain structures that allow them to advertise and market their movies. The different stages include Pre-production, production, post production, distribution and exhibition.  The company's will follow these rules so that they can sell there movie as much as possible.

Film distribution has the purpose of selling as many films as possible, the more films they are able to sell the more money they will make from it. The first stage of distribution happens once the film production has been finished, once it has finished plan what they want to happen to the film. In the Pre-production stage the industry plans everything their movie is going to be about using storyboards and scripts. They will need to gather actors and props to star in their film so they might have to branch out to different companies to see what they can get. Then comes Production, this is when everything is filmed as planned by the storyboard they will have drawn in pre-production. Finally, the film will be sent into post production where all the scenes and special effects get put together.

The size of the film sector is one of the biggest on the world, and is still growing. The daily mail published an article on UK film growth and says that between July and September, 2015, the film industry grew by 5.9 percent proving that the growth of the media industry is still climbing.

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3291560/The-Bond-effect-Britain-s-booming-film-industry-growing-quickly-economy-growth-slumps-just-0-5.html

A example of a big film company is Disney. Disney is a multi million dollar industry that owns other smaller companies like Marvel Entertainment and Lucasfilm which recently bought for a staggering $4 billion. George Lucas admitted "Its very sad. Its 40 years of work and its been my life, but im ready to move on to bigger and better things".

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2227949/Star-Wars-creator-George-Lucas-donate-4billion-Disney-deal-charity.html

This demographic shows the total gross for each film and all the other bits of information people might need to know

Television

The main purpose of TV is too produce various amounts of shows that will appeal to people of all genres. Genres can range for documentaries, comedy, or horror etc. Even though we watch certain programs like the Top Gear, the programs are owned by certain companies, For example "great British bake off" is owned by the Love productions but is shown on the BBC.

Endemol is one of the UK's largest independent company's and has created some of the big shows like Big Brother, 8 out of 10 Cats and Bad Education. A statement from the Endemol website says "Endemol creates innovative formats that have changed the face of popular culture". These formats have went on to sell to other smaller companies so that they can make money out of it. For example Big Brother was one of the first reality TV shows, and it influenced lots of other reality TV shows that are out there.

There are two types of TV companies and they are Public companies and Private companies. The most well known public TV company is the BBC. The BBC is funded by public state and does not make any profit, but instead puts back into the industry. The BBC offers a wide range of channels ranging from BBC 1 to BBC 4. BBC 1 focus's on producing a variety of genres for the audience to watch from Comedies to soap operas. According to BARB the most watched TV show in 2016 is Silent witness 

Radio

The main purpose of radio is to entertain the listeners that tune into the broadcast. Radio shows do this in many ways such as playing live/pre-recorded music, news weather, traffic reports and game shows hosted by the radio presenters. There are two types of radio commercial and non profitable. The main example of non profitable is BBC radio channels which are owned by the public (same with the BBC TV channels). This means the public pay into a service to fund this. The public pay for a TV licence each year which means you get all the BBC channels and radio shows.

Whilst public stations focus on a range of audiences, commercial radio stations focus a specific target audience. With some stations, they might own a few that specify in different genres of music that will apply to a variety of audiences. Commercial radio channels are also local radio stations and are specific to a location whilst public radio ofton spans around the whole UK. For example Capital radio is a group of networks owned by Global radio and spans across the UK. Up here in the north east we get our signal from newcastle if we want to listen to capital.

Currently in the UK there are 22,000 people that work in the industry and is one of the best media sectors for having the most employed. The radio industry occasionally adds a new radio station but nothing major every happens so normally the ratings stay the same.

Publishing

The main purpose of publishing normally is to inform the reader so if you have a newspaper of a journal then normally they will be informative. The publishing and press industry's are made up of a group of industry's including; books, magazines and newspapers. These can be articles online or printed media like newspapers. The industry employ over 200,000 people and some of their main job roles are; journalist, commissioning editor and designer.

For this type of industry they look for staff who are very good with English and numeric areas and who have a basic knowledge of office skills. An example of this is taking phone calls and the way you communicate with the other person.

The publishing companies gets their money from all of the products they distribute and the advertisements that are included in the products. The entire publishing industry together makes a total of £10.1 billion which is one of the highest earners of the whole media sector.

Advertising and Marketing

The advertising and marketing industry consists of advertising agencies and media representative services. The advertising and marketing industry makes its money from its commissions and fees from the advertisement they make for a client, a certain percentage cost is normally discussed between the client and the agency.

The advertising and marketing industry employs around 17,000 people with jobs including graphic designers, writers, marketing executive and sales managers.

Animation

The main purpose of animation is to create films that entertain the viewer. They do this by creating a series of frames that change multiple times in a second. This tricks the eyes into thinking the pictures are moving. There are a couple of different types of animation which includes 2D, 3D, claymation and stop motion. The two most popular type of animation is claymation and animation. An example of claymation is "Wallace and Gromit: curse of the were rabbit" which made a wold wide total of  $192,610,372.

In the UK currently there are 4,700 people in the animation industry which is the lowest out of all the different sectors. This is expected as america dominates the industry with large feature films from Pixar and Dreamworks, also japan heavily dominates the animation world with anime which is a well known animation style in japan.

Interactive media

The interactive media content that allows people to interact with the website so that they can get what they want out of it. There are many different purposes for Interactive media that can be either educational or just for general browsing. Some examples of Interactive media is

• Facebook
• YouTube
• Twitter
• Google 
• Tumblr

The interactive media sector is worth over several billion pounds and employs over 34,000 people. Interactive media is becoming increasingly more popular and becoming a part of everyday life.

Game

The game sector forms a major part of the global industry. Computer games are quickly gaining an importance as they were originally a small thing that you would do if you were bored. But it is now becoming a part of peoples lives. Which in some cases is not a good thing as it can distract people from doing other tasks.

Pre-production for short films

when you make a short film, the pre-production stage is often the most important as if you plan the key stages step by step then when it comes to filming it will be quicker and easier. The first thing to creating a film is too plan your ideas, the more time you have too plan your ideas means that you can plan things in advanced and get your head round situations that might come up. The fact that this is a short film means that i will want to make it look as cinematic as possible rather than something that looks like it is just some clips put together. Also to make it a film, it needs some sort of narrative so that when people watch it they can be interested, making them enjoy the film more. For example a youtube video doesn't need a narrative as there soul purpose is too entertain the audience watching but on the other hand, a film like pulp fiction needs people to pay attention to whats happening as if they don't then most likely they will miss what the narrative is.


Managing time is important as you want to be as organised as possible. The best way to manage time is to make a time log, this is good as you can put everything you are planning to do in the table and sort out information like what time you are going to start and how long you are willing to spend on this. The longer you have for each thing, the more prepared you will be for the production stage. For example i could say that i wanted to film on the first day for 4 hours, so i would write it in the time log so i can organize things around that. This will make things a lot easier.

If you want to make a film then you are going to want some actors and resources, to plan this you need to make another table and fill in all the things you want to be featured in your film. Once you have everything you will need to think how you are going to get these and how much its going to cost you. This is a great way to work out everything you need for the film as you can make sure that you get every piece o of equipment on there so you don't forget anything. Also, if you add the total of how much its going to cost and realize you don't have enough money, you can remove items that you don't need as much. The items that will be listed on the table will be things like actors, props, cameras and sound equipment, but for location its best to include it in the script as when you are reading the script the location will be told. You could even do it in the storyboard and write the location in each scene.

Example of a equipment list:  

Certain films have different budgets. The more popular films normally have higher budgets but you can still make a perfectly good short film for nothing at all. This film, as its professional, is going to have quite a high budget, but even though there is lots of money that doesn't mean you should over spend. You will want to spread out your budget so that you spend more money on things that are a necessity and spend less on things that you might not need. Things that you will need to spend a fair bit of money on is a camera, choosing the right camera decides whether or not the film quality is good or bad, and if you get a bad camera then that could ruin your chances of making a good short film. Although, the sound equipment is just as important as the camera as if you have clear audio then the film is going to be much better even if you have a bad quality picture, but if you have a good picture with bad sound then it distracts you from actually watching the film. This is why you will want to spend a lot on the camera and sound equipment.

When you are planning the film you are going to want to explain to the actors and crew what they need to be doing, the easiest way of doing this is to create a storyboard and a script. A storyboard consists of drawings/sketches, camera angles and timings. This will give people the idea of what the scene will look like, this will be handy for the camera man as he can see where the camera needs to be and how long the shot goes on for. Also it will be handy for the actor as they can look at the storyboard and see where they need to stand. The script will mainly help the actors with there lines as the script has all of the speech the different characters will say but will also include the location, whether its inside or outside and if its day or night. The actors can can read the script and see when the first character is introduced (This is shown by making the first characters name by making in in all caps).

You have to make sure that you have the right permission to broadcast your film before you do anything with it. To do this you must make sure that you have made the film copy written, this ensures that no one can take your ideas, this should be stated in a document once you copy write it. With your script you need to make sure that the characters you have made don't resemble characters from other films as that is copy written material. Music needs to be cleared by the owner of the track as if you don't ask for permission then you could be charged with a fine. The actors that took part in your film need to sign a consent form saying that they were in the film and that there name can be used in any content about the film e.g blogs and websites representation the film.

Colour spacing

Cyan        Magenta        Yellow        Black

                                                    c                m                  y                 k

Computers are made up of 256 different shades 

Development of video editing

Lumiere brothers

The Lumiere brothers invented cinematography in 1895. There first screening to an audience was in the basement of the grand cafe in paris. The footage was workers leaving the Lumiere factory, the content of the film was not important to the viewers as the fact they were watching moving pictures amazed them. George melies saw a lot of potential in the idea and wanted to buy a cinomatographe from the Lumiere brothers for 10,000 franks but they saw him as potential competition so refused his offer. So what George melies did was he bought a english made projector called the animatograph and as he was a mechanic he turned it into his own camera for only 1000 franks, this meant he could make his own film as part of his stage show.

The first editing skill was the jump cut and it was made by accident when George melies was filming a bus coming out of a tunnel when the camera crashed and then skipped to the next vehicle, but when he looked at the footage after it looked like the bus had turned into another vehicle. This revolutionized the way he edited from then on, he used it in a lot of his films as he could make people disappear and reappear right before the audiences eyes. After his discovery of the jump cut, he also introduced the fade in, fade out and overlapping dissolves. George started to make narrative stories rather than single shot films but he kept the theater idea by having the backgound like theater productions.      

As you can see it looks like the average theater production where there are no camera angle changes and the scenes last for a very long time. During the production of "The trip to the moon" The camera was never moved so they had to move the scene around it to make it look like it was moving.

Edwin S. Porter

Edwin set up the first projector in koster & Bials music hall but after a short while in 1900 he became head of production at the Edison Skylight Studio and he served as Edison's director and camera man. Taking influence from George Melies trip too the moon, Edwin Decided to try and have a go at creating a narrative for his film called "Life of an american fireman". What made his film so special was that he used actual archive footage of firemen and mixed it with his staged film to create a fictional narrative. But he stuck with the old ways of editing and used Temporal overlaps. This means for instance if you watch a clip of someone climbing through a window from one angle then as soon as they get out of shot you watch the same clip again but from a different angle, perhaps from outside of the building. Although this didn't matter to the audience as they were still amazed at the
technology that the were witnessing.

Georges Melies

Georges Melies was a french film maker that created the film " A trip too the moon. This was a really successful film as he filmed in on a cinematographe which had never been scene before. This involved multiple photographs flicking at a constant speed to trick your eyes into thinking that the pictures are moving. But rather than using drawings he used real people.

Continuity Editing 
D.W Griffith, who went by the stage name Lawrence Griffith, submitted a adapted play to Edwin porter who turned down the play because it had too many scenes in it. But instead he hired him as a actor for one of his films instead. He eventually ended up finding a job at Biograph and made over 450 different films which made film making more of a well known film. The effect "cut in" was created by griffith and was first used in the greasers gauntlet, 1908. He used this to show the emotional impact on the certain characters by cutting in to a certain place, like the characters face.

D.W Griffith made a film in 1915 called "The birth of a nation" but unfortunately the film was pro ku klux klan so immediately it got banned in many places and a lot of people were upset by this. This prompted Griffith to make to make another film in 1916 called "Intolerance which cost  $2.5 million to create. The first scene was a staggering 8 hours long but then trimmed it down to 3 and a half hours, but the film did not sell that well and left Griffith in a lot of debt that he would be paying for till he died.

Old Ways Of Editing 

In the early 1900's, editing films was a very tricky task. It involved cutting film manually with scissors and then placing them over a bin. You had to be precise enough to cut the film in between the different scenes and if you had even just a couple minuets of film then you would be there for hours cutting and editing the different clips. When they edit these films they would have to add transitions and all sorts of effects like the jump cut and different dissolves. One they got everything they want put into the film, they would then tape it back together being careful not to get any in the way of the scenes.The one problem with the film that was used in cameras was that it was highly flammable so it was very easy to catch fire and loose everything. 

Modern Day Editing

Compared to editing in the past, we have computers to do everything for us. Rather then doing all of the effects manually by hand, we have computers that know how to automatically edit footage to what we want. Modern day technology has changed so much over the past couple of decades as even with filming it wasn't that long ago that we were still using film to record rather than SD cards. The fact that the editing technology has improved so much means that we can get alot more done in a much shorter period of time 

Soviet montage 

Soviet montage was invented between the years of the Russian revolution and the rise of starling, the way they edited films have made a big impact on the film industry today as the soviet montage method is used in lots of films. It started by the Russians experimenting what film looked like when you put short footage together in different ways to see if it make sense.

Eisenstain was a big theorist in montage films where he was inspired to make films such as Strike and October which were montage films created as he used images and contrasted them to look the same clips.



Film and editing techniques are used in many ways to get the effect that you want, they can be really simple or really complicated. Simple editing techniques like cutting is used to go between scenes but as it gets more complicated when you include stuff like cross cutting and jump cuts.

180 Degree rule

The 180 degree rule is a basic guideline in film making. If two people are having a conversation in a film and are facing each other, and the first camera angle is over the shoulder looking at the other character ( over the right shoulder), then when it switches to the other character it has to be over the left shoulder so that it doesn't confuse the viewer. Another example of this is if the person is running down a street and you watch them run to the left side of the screen, but if you break this and switch over to the other side then it will look like he is running to the right. 

Continuity Editing

Establishing shot

An establishing shot is usually the first shot  of the new scene, designed to show the audience where the action is taken place. It is usually a very wide shot or a extreme wide shot. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Establishing_shot

Reverse shot

A reverse shot views the action from the opposite side of the previous shot. For example if two people are having a conversation, you would be looking at one person talking but when the other person talks the camera will switch so that you are looking at the other person. This shows a general conversation taking place.   

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/reverse-shot

Cross cutting

Cross cutting is when a series of clips that are shot in different locations are played together. The two different scenes are often linked with each other.

http://www.elementsofcinema.com/editing/parallel-editing/

Eye line match

Eye line match is a film technique that makes the viewer see what the character would be seeing on screen. The eye line shot starts by a character looking at something that we cant yet see and then is followed by a cut to an object or another person.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyeline_match

Re-Establishing shot

This technique is very commonly used as it shows the location of where the scene is. If you didn't do this the viewers could get confused as to where they were. The shots are normally a long shot of either a building or a specific location.

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/establishing%20shot